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SuperHead Fast Fluorometer FL 3500/F

The SuperHead Fast Fluorometer has multiple novel features, first of all the time resolution of 1 µs, that enable combining PAM measurements with fast kinetic measurements of OJIP and of flash fluorescence induction

The core of the instrument is the measuring optical head containing a standard cuvette for sample suspensions (10 x 10 mm base, up to 4 ml of internal volume). The measuring head is supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 500 kHz/16-bit AD converter. Gain and integration time of the converter are software controlled. The detector can measure Chl-fluorescence signal with time resolution up to 1 µs. The instrument has two input channels.

Typical Samples:

• Chloroplasts & thylakoids
• Algae & cyanobacteria
• Small leaves or leaf segments

Fluorometer-Supported Investigations:

• Fluorescence induction
• Pulse amplitude modulation measurements (PAM)
• Fast OJIP transient capture
• Rapid measurements of Q_A-reoxidation kinetics
• State transitions
• Quenching parameters
• Photochemical yields
• Determination of the effective antenna size in Photosystem II

State Transitions Capture

The Fluorometer is supplied with three, optionally four, sets of light-emitting diodes that generate:

• Measuring flashes, typically 2-5 µs long. Standard color: red-orange, λ_max=617 nm, or blue, λ_max=455 nm.
• Single-turnover saturating flashes, typically 20-50 µs long. Standard color: red, λ_max=630 nm.
• Continuous actinic light. The maximum intensity is 2,500 µmol(photons).m-2.s-1. Standard color: red, λ_max=630 nm, or blue, λ_max=455 nm.
• Additional far-red light (λ_max=735 nm) for Photosystem 1 excitation (optional).

Fluorometer FL 3500 Light Scheme / Spectral Characteristics

Light intensities and timing are software controlled separately for each LED set. The data are processed and the instrument is controlled by the FluorWin software (Windows 95/98/2000/XP compatible). As an option, the customer can also choose light-emitting diodes of different wavelengths. Contact PSI for your specific needs.

The instrument capacity can be enhanced by accurate temperature regulation using additional PSI devices - Thermoregulator and Magnetic Stirrer.

Thermoregulator / Magnetic Stirrer

FluorWin Software:

• Creation and archivation of experimental protocols.
• FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols.
• Retrieval and export of experimental data.
• Data manipulation and visualization.

FluorWin Software: Wizard / Graph Window

References:

• Trtilek M. et al. (1997): J. Lumin. 72 (74): 597-599.
• Nedbal L., Trtilek M. and Kaftan D. (1999): J. Photochem. Photobiol. 48: 154-157.
• Skotnica J. et al. (2000): Photosynth. Res. 65 (1): 29-40.
• Mock T. and Kroon B.M.A. (2002): Phytochemistry 61, pp. 41-51.
• Mock T. and Valentin K. (2004): J. Phycol. 40, pp. 732-741.
• Koblizek M., Kaftan D. and Nedbal L. (2001): Photosynth. Res. 68: 141-152.
• Nedbal L. et al. (2005): Photosynth. Res. 84: 99-106.
• Shlyk-Kerner O. et al. (2006): Nature 442: 827-830.
• Vaczi P. and Bartak M. (2006): Biol. Plant. 50 (2): 257-264.
• Lazar D. (2006): Functional Plant Biology 33 (1): 9-30.